The Social Network

The Social Network official Trailer, showing the main storyline of the movie.

The Social Network is a film created in 2010 based around the journey of creating the popular social media site facebook. Based on the true story of how Mark Zuckerberg and his best friend Eduardo Saverin created the site, it showed the long journey the pair went through in order to create the multinational company they have today.

The film showed a side to Zuckerberg the ordinary person would not have experienced and therefore brought him into a completely different light. Seeing this young college student creating the company we have today was rather eye opening. Who would of thought that someone so young could have created something so revolutionary? And as a result become one of the worlds youngest billionaires only 6 years after its creation.

However what I found most startling about the film was the fact that in order to do all this Zuckerberg ruined his friendship with co founder Saverin and it was this concept of the film that left me really startled.To me friendships are more important than anything so watching this guy ruin his friendship for a business was rather sad. However the fact that he was able to create facebook itself in such a short time was also extremely impressive. So although I look at Zuckerberg in the film and in some sense feel anger towards him and the way he carried himself in the process, I do also feel grateful. This man was able to create one of the biggest social media sites the world has ever seen and without it who knew what would not have been achieved to this date.

The world itself would be a completely different place without social media sites like facebook, and instagram which is coincidentally owned by facebook. The film therefore captured the whole journey in a very powerful way showing flashbacks to times of happiness in the beginning before showing the present at which the two former friends were fighting a law suit. This to me worked extremely well in showing how quickly things change. Although it was quite dull in some places as the storyline was very factual it did tell the story rather well in the short time frame.

However looking more closely at the film, It really showed the massive process Zuckerberg, Saverin and the rest of the team went through in order to create the app. Obviously these sites aren’t made overnight and it really makes you think about how much work must still be going into them on a daily basis. For us users its super easy, all we have to do is download the app and update it occasionally and its done.

The Social Network was created rather cleverly to show all this, making me and hopefully many others create a deeper understanding for the apps we use daily  and therefore not take them for granted. I know that this filmed seemed to open my eyes to all the hard work put into not only the social media we use today but everything on the internet and the technology we have access to.

“The biggest risk is not taking any risk… In a world that changing really quickly, the only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not taking risks.”

 Mark Zuckerberg

 

Technology and Politics

Politicsandmediablog. 2016. Technology’s Influences on political Campaigns – politicsandmediablog. [ONLINE] Available at: https://politicsandmediablog.wordpress.com/2016/04/04/technologys-influences-on-political-campaigns/. [Accessed 21 August 2018].

With the expansion of technology came the expansions of a new era, at which technology has grown to be the centre point of every day life. So of course technology has come a long way in regards to how it is used in society,  from school, to work and even politics, technology has now become extremely important on a world wide scale.  In relevance to politics specifically, how far has it come? Politics is now obviously very social media based, with campaigns running on social media forums and online during election time. I always see campaigns pop up on facebook or run at adds on youtube. But where did all this start?

1. Thomas Jefferson – The Newspaper

Thomas Jefferson was President of America from the 4th of March 1801 to the 4th of  March 1809.  Obviously he didn’t just become president over night, in fact his election in 1800 was one of the most important elections in history marking the first transition in power from one party to another. It was also one of the first elections where the newspaper was used as a form of campaigning. Jefferson was able to observe that “the engine is the press” with many Americans voters making up their minds up who to vote for based on what they read in the newspaper.  Interesting to see how even in the early 1800’s the media was still able to make such a big difference for Jefferson and its only grown from here.

 

   2.  Franklin D. Roosevelt – The Radio

The early 1920’s to the 30’s saw the invention of the radio become a popular house hold item. It was therefore during the 1932 Presidential election that Franklin D. Roosevelt, later named President, became the first candidate to use the radio for campaigning purposes. Knowing that the majority of the American population were listening to the radio Roosevelts clever use of the radio sealed his leadership for 1933.  However Roosevelts use of the radio did not extinguish prior to his election. From March 1933 to June 1944, Roosevelt spoke to the American people via the radio, with up to 30 speeches later being named the “fireside chats.” These speeches were said to uplift the people and bring them comfort in hard situations. Once again another very clever technique from the former president.

 

3. John F. Kennedy – The Television

John F. Kennedy or JFK as he was often referred to was the first American president to use television not only during his campaign but during his reign as president. Kennedy was able to understand the importance and potential of the television around the world, and through charm and wit, made himself welcome in America’s living rooms. Kennedy seemed to have the right look for television, being extremely popular with the American population due to his way of expressing himself more personally than any of his predecessors. He new the power of the press and was therefore able to use them in a way that ultimately helped him campaign greatly. Kennedys use of the television opened up the future for many presidents after him.

 

4. Barack Obama – The World Wide Web / Social Media

During 2012 the internet and social media had taken over, becoming an extremely popular means of accessing data, communication and news. Obama was able to see this through his supporters, many of which were in the younger generation and to therefore connect with them he was able to successfully use social media and the internet in ways that would allow them to believe in and vote for his campaign. Obama’s election later labelled the facebook election allowed for him to be the first occupant of the White House to have won a presidential election on the Web. Now social media and the internet are extremely important in campaigning and Obama was able to show this greatly when he was elected in 2012.

It’s therefore extremely interesting to have a look at how far technology has taken us in regards to politics. As someone who has never found politics very interesting I didn’t really take into consideration how much of an influence technology could really have in an election and even during someones time serving as president. Without technology we would be seeing a completely different side to politics and even the news. Social media and the web have change the way we view everything around us, I know the majority of the news I see comes from my facebook feed. This was obviously not something that was available until more recent years,something that definitely made me think about whats actually in store for the future of technology.

References:

Jill Lepore. 2007. The Press, the Propagandists, and the Election of 1800 | The New Yorker. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/09/17/party-time. [Accessed 21 August 2018].

Politicsandmediablog. 2016. Technology’s Influences on political Campaigns – politicsandmediablog. [ONLINE] Available at: https://politicsandmediablog.wordpress.com/2016/04/04/technologys-influences-on-political-campaigns/. [Accessed 21 August 2018].

HISTORY.com. 2018. The Fireside Chats – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.com. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/fireside-chats. [Accessed 21 August 2018].

Bob Schieffer. 2017. John F. Kennedy: Our first television president – CBS News. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-f-kennedy-our-first-television-president/. [Accessed 21 August 2018].

Data, Art?

Data is not a concept that I thought could really be considered art, however American composer, conceptual new media artist and programmer Luke Dubois does just that. By collecting data on a range of concepts he was able to manipulate the data he received and create forms of art from it. Although he has done this is multiple ways, creating unique and interesting forms of art, one of my personal favourites is his artwork series labelled “A More Perfect Union”.

This series involved Dubois creating 21 different online dating accounts across all of  America. He was then able to access around 19 million people’s dating profiles and collect data from them.  The data he collected involved words that each person seemed to use to describe themselves. He was then able to map out this data according to the location of each person and choose words which resonated with each location for publish. For example the word delightful can be seen near the top of the map, suggesting the majority of people from that area considered themselves delightful. Looking at this map more closely can be extremely intriguing for the average viewer, drawing them in and engaging them. Now this makes it art. With a definition from oxford dictionary online saying that art are works produced by human creative skill and imagination, then how can we not say that data is art?

In relevance to Dubois artwork Washington:Heartbreak Headquarters (below) it shows an extreme amount of creativity and imagination, being presented in an engaging and interesting way. If I were an Americans located in the area, I would be very intrigued by the fact that my place of residency is called Brave, its rather cleverly done allowing viewers to analyse the work more closer.

Find Luke Dubois as interesting as I do? Head to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kBKQS7xl for some more cool facts and information about the man himself!

Washington: Heartbreak Headquarters

Brian Greene. 2016. What one artist learned about America from 19 million dating profiles | . [ONLINE] Available at: https://ideas.ted.com/what-one-artist-learned-about-america-from-19-million-dating-profiles/. [Accessed 16 August 2018].

It’s still funny though to think that data like this can simply be transformed into something completely different. I would never have thought that a computer programer could create a form of art. Art was always something created using paint, pencil or clay however data visualization has now become an obvious and popular form of art around the world. Many new emerging artists like Dubois have been introduced to the world thanks to the technology we have today and without it I’m sure this new and upcoming form of art would never have been introduced.

Luke Dubois has created numerous forms of art using data he collects, transforming them into interesting and creative forms of art.

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

R. Luke DuBois – 27 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy. 2018. R. Luke DuBois – 27 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.artsy.net/artist/r-luke-dubois. [Accessed 16 August 2018].

Brian Greene. 2016. What one artist learned about America from 19 million dating profiles | . [ONLINE] Available at: https://ideas.ted.com/what-one-artist-learned-about-america-from-19-million-dating-profiles/. [Accessed 16 August 2018].

Last two photos:

Bucknell University. 2018. R. Luke DuBois: Portraits and Landscapes. [ONLINE] Available at: http://museum.bucknell.edu/2015/08/10/r-luke-dubois-portraits-landscapes-opens-818/. [Accessed 16  August 2018].

21st Century Digital Art. 2018. Take a Bullet for the City — 21st Century Digital Art. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.digiart21.org/art/take-a-bullet-for-the-city. [Accessed 16 August 2018].

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.

When it comes to Artificial Intelligence or AI for short I have always thought of robots like the one above, however AI is actually a lot simpler being used in services such as credit-card fraud detection, suggested tags on sites such as facebook or even spam blocking. It has therefore been around for decades, being firstly explored by John McCarthy, now known as the father of AI. McCarthy  came up with the idea for such a plan in 1955, researching into making a machine which would be capable of abstract thought, problem-solving and self-improvement, similar to a human.

Sebastian Valencia. 2017. The Lisp approach to AI (Part 1) – AI Society – Medium. [ONLINE] Available at: https://medium.com/ai-society/the-lisp-approach-to-ai-part-1-a48c7385a913. [Accessed 22 August 2018].

John McCarthy who died in 2011, left behind a great legacy in the field of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

After 3 years of hard work he created the standard AI programming language, called the Lisp computer language. This program still continues to be used today and is therefore the basis of much of the artificial intelligence used today, including voice recognition services like Apples famous Siri. Remember the first day you got your iPhone and used Siri constantly? Maybe that was just me however Siri, a virtual assistant for all new apple smartphones, tablets and laptops recognises human voice, questions, queries or statements and more often than not provides you with answers or websites to assist with these. Although she may be known for her witty answers to questions and mistakes she is still an extremely clever use of AI, which all apples uses know and love. With google following soon after the launch of Siri with Google Now, it is evident that AI makes smartphone use quicker, simpler and easier in many ways. I often find myself asking Siri to call my friends or do a quick google search just because its easy and convenient to do so.

But is Artificial Intelligence going to one day surpass our human generation? Researchers believe there is a 50% chance of AI outperforming humans in all tasks in 45 years, so I guess only time will tell.

AI is even beginning to be employed as a method to combat social media identity theft as a massive 5.83 million fake accounts have been activated around the world.  Identity theft is therefore becoming a growing concern as I’m sure everybody is aware of. Many of my friends  for example have been hacked on social media with the hacker creating another profile just like theirs, sending friend requests to all their old friends. A rather scary thought which is now an extreme issue on sites such as facebook. As a result Artificial Intelligence is now being widely used as a security method to prevent such invasions of privacy, which will hopefully prevent such cases from occurring in the future.

However are all hackers bad? Obviously we explained how hackers have become an extreme issue in regards to social media theft but not all hackers are malicious people out to ruin peoples lives. Professor Stephen Stackwell explains the difference rather well with his definition which states that a hacker is a person who uses computers to gain unauthorised access to data while a hactivist is a person who hacks a system to bring attention to a political or social cause.

Now this didn’t make sense at all to me at first, in fact I just didn’t understand how a hacker could ever be considered “good” or at least helpful to society. Well this opinion was changed rather quickly due to the words of Keren Elazari which can be found below.  In short she explained that hackers force us to evolve and improve. If a hacker can hack something then something needs to be fixed! Therefore not all hackers are bad, infant we actually need hackers in this world and this is something that I now agree with. Although the actions of some has infected how the world sees hackers Elazari explains the way we should actually see them.

Keren Elazari explains that hackers expose many of our vulnerabilities and therefore give us reason to make the Internet stronger and healthier. Hackers therefore can use their power to create a better world rather then destroy it as many people believe they do.

 

References:

Katja Grace, John Salvatier, Allan Dafor, Baobao Zhang & Owain Evans.2017.When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts. [ONLINE] Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08807. [Accessed 7 August 2018].

Martin Childs. 2011. John McCarthy: Computer scientist known as the father of AI | The Independent. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-mccarthy-computer-scientist-known-as-the-father-of-ai-6255307.html. [Accessed 7 August 2018].

Sebastian Valencia. 2017. The Lisp approach to AI (Part 1) – AI Society – Medium. [ONLINE] Available at: https://medium.com/ai-society/the-lisp-approach-to-ai-part-1-a48c7385a913. [Accessed 22 August 2018].

Technologies Influence

“The Internet, like the steam engine, is a technological breakthrough that changed the world.” -Peter Singer

Technological Progress And Why It Will Never Destroy Recruitment. 2000-2018. Technological Progress And Why It Will Never Destroy Recruitment. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.agencycentral.co.uk/articles/2016-07/technology-will-never-destroy-recruitment.htm. [Accessed 17 July 2018].

Everywhere you look there is technology, from the simple traffic light to the most advanced of computers, technology is evidently one of the most significant aspects of modern day society. But how far has technology come and what does the future hold? Obviously we have seen a massive improvement in technology since the beginning of time, allowing it to become bigger and faster as the years progressed.

Even in the last 10 years we have seen a dramatic change and increase in the amount of technology we have and use everyday. Smart tv’s and bluetooth speakers didn’t exist when I was a child, yet alone when my parents were children. The technology the majority of the population now have access to is absolutely ridiculous with the new generation of children having no idea what life would be like without these technologies. But what did all of this change start with?

The Abacus

2400 BC

The abacus, the first known calculator, invented in Babylonia

Luis Fernandes. 2014. The Abacus: A Brief Introduction. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/intro.html. [Accessed 22 August 2018].

The Abacus, now a childhood toy was one of the first inventions used to aid mathematical equations such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication (Fernandes, 2014). However not officially defined as a calculator it did potentially lead to the exploration into the modern day calculators we use today. Overall not the most complex of technologies, with an extremely simple design, it was a very big movement in means of the technology of the time, with technology only growing from there.

The Abacus as seen in in the present day is a useful learning tool for primary school students.

In 1822 Charles Babbage created the first analytical engine which was the first mathematical computer being used to calculate and print mathematical calculations. Babbage was later named the father of the computer due to his design.

Furthermore the mid 15th century saw the invention of the very first printing press. This technology brought with it massive change, allowing for the introduction of widespread news media and therefore communication over a large scale. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press which was an extremely significant and beneficial invention of the time is still used today. It was this single invention that brought in the concept of copyright which is now a major part of the technological world we live in.

Technology only seemed to grow from there with the invention of the telegraph in the 1840’s, which absolutely revolutionised long distance communication especially in regards to transportation like trains for example. The telegraph allowed for messages to be sent from long distances using morse code which were then quickly decoded and passed on. Not long after the telegraph saw the invention of Alexander Graham Bells telephone, around the mid 1870’s. The telephone was obviously a massive starting point in much the communication technology we now have access to.

The first working computer called “the bomb” came about in 1912 and was used from then until 1954 being used to break the Nazi enigma code during World War 2. It was a very complex piece of technology with 12 miles of wiring to allow it to work. Alan Turnings invention therefore played a very significant role in history.

The Television came along during World War 2 in the 1930’s however only commenced in the United States and in the United Kingdom after the end of the war itself. The television was initially black and white with very little graphics compared to what we have today however colour tv was introduced in the 1950’s. Australia however only saw this change around 1975, at the same time the first PC was realised coincidentally.  With the computer came the invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989 and where would the world be without that?  Technology has had such a massive influence on the way the world works around us!

I know for me, I have never known a time where I have not had access to at least one of these forms of technology, I’ve always been able to watch tv, call people on the phone or play games on the computer. It is therefore a funny thought to think about how far the technology around us has really changed. The fact that my father didn’t have these things when he was my age is still quite alarming. Obviously the tech around us has appeared rather quickly and is rapidly expanding in its usage and ability. I didn’t have a mobile phone until I was almost 13 years old while kids as young as seven or eight now have access to such devices. These devices have such a massive influence on society and this will only continue to grow as the world progresses and changes.

Curious to see how much you use technology now? Check out the quick 10 minute survey below 😀 

https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/JQK2NLH

References:

Luis Fernandes .2014. The Abacus: A Brief Introduction. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/intro.html. [Accessed 17 July 2018].

The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. printing press | History & Types | Britannica.com. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press. [Accessed 17 July 2018].

Mitchell Stephens. 2018. History of Television – Mitchell Stephens. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm. [Accessed 17 July 2018].

Alison Alexander. 2006. Television. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/T/Television.htm. [Accessed 18 August 2018].

The Evolution of Social Media

Snezhana Bezus. 2017. ETN Focus How To Use Social Media In 2017: Facebook – ETN Focus. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.etnfocus.com/2017/03/27/facebook-how-to-use-social-media-in-2017/. [Accessed 1 August 2018].

Social Media, easily one of the most recognisable forms of communication technologies the world has ever seen is evidently a major aspect of peoples daily lives.

In this century it is near impossible to find someone who does not have at least one form of social media, making it an extremely well known form of communication for  the average 21st century person. Social Media is therefore massive with billions of users worldwide, facebook for example has a massive 1.45 billion people using it DAILY and 2.20 billion MONTHLY. This shows quite a large increase from 2017 as the table below shows. But is constant social media use a good thing? And are we using it for the right reason?

Hypebot. 2018. How Facebook’s 2 Billion Monthly Users Compare To Other Social Networks [CHART] – hypebot. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2017/07/how-facebooks-2-billion-monthly-users-compare-to-other-social-networks-chart.html. [Accessed 8 August 2018].

Looking at facebook particularly, its ability to easily connect with family and friends from all around the world is incredible making it an extremely useful tool in the way of fast and easy communication. Take my family for example, like many families out there I have family situated in an overseas country. Therefore the ability to keep up to date with their lives easily and free of charge is a massive convenience, especially in regards to the huge expense of overseas phone calls. In this sense social media tools like facebook, Skype and WhatsApp are very beneficial for people in these situation.

The World Wide Web spans all over the world

It’s obvious that social media is an extremely beneficial form of communication technology but without Tim Berners-Lee’s invention of the World Wide Web in 1989 none of this technology we know and love would have even been created.  Originally designed by the US defence force to share information via email the  world wide web could arguably one of the most beneficial inventions the world  has ever seen, being the building stone to over a decades worth of communication technologies.  Starting with the first recognisable social media site only 8 years after the invention of the World Wide Web, Six Degrees allowed users to upload a  profile and make friends similar to the facebook we have today. Social media is therefore a rather new concept with sites such as Blogger being formed in 1999, Friendster in 2002 and Myspace in 2003. Being an 18 year old myself, these sites are not familiar, however the teens of the time would remember them very well attracting 17.0million visitors a month From 2005 until early in 2008 (Mitchell, 2017).

Sites like these later fizzled out, being take over by bigger, more popular sites like Facebook which was introduced in 2004 and Twitter, 2006 (Adweek,2018). The popularity of such social media tools have extensively grown since their introduction. But why did they become so popular? I know I only got snapchat because my friends had it, wanting to be part of the group is becoming a growing problem with young people. Studies according to werms.com shows that 36% of people said that they only got social media because their friends had it.

Social media has obviously changed a lot over time  http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/1811410 online timeline shows this extremely well in an easy way.

The evolution of social media has therefore become dramatic as prior figures have shown. However in Australia alone 8 in 10 people now use social media with the average person having access to 5 different forms. I think we can fairly say that since the first forms of social media were realised that these forums have skyrocketed being used extensively by the everyday person. 

 

References:

Will Mitchell. 2018. Myspace – The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again? [INFOGRAPHIC] – StartupBros. [ONLINE] Available at: https://startupbros.com/myspace-the-rise-fall-and-rise-again-infographic/. [Accessed 1 August 2018].

Drew Hendricks. 2013. The Complete History of Social Media: Then And Now – Small Business Trends. [ONLINE] Available at: https://smallbiztrends.com/2013/05/the-complete-history-of-social-media-infographic.html. [Accessed 1 August 2018].

Geoff Desreumaux. 2015. The 10 Top Reasons Why We Use Social Networks. [ONLINE] Available at: https://wersm.com/the-10-top-reasons-why-we-use-social-networks/. [Accessed 2 August 2018].

An era of Interruptive Technology

Do we decide how we use OUR technology? I’m sure this is a thought that would have been thrust into your head at some point in our lives, I know for me it has. Do we even decide how much we use the technology around us?

When your phone vibrates, are we physically capable of resisting the urge to check what is on the screen? Or has the world around us be engulfed by technology and its importance to society?

Technology is surpassing us

Case, a public speaker (speech below) who often speaks on symbiotic interaction between technology and humans explains that “We live in an error of interruptive technology”.

The world is literally full of different types of technologies all which have a purpose. But how important is that purpose to society? Technology is causing our generation to become lazier, less sociable and more reliant on the technology around them. Could we actually get to the supermarket without our phone for google maps? Technology is now a necessity, something that the every day person has to have in order to survive.

So what else has it taken away from us? Studies say that young people know longer have the ability to speak on the phone or have a fear of speaking on the phone, simply because they have never been taught how to do so. I hate having to ring up Pizza Hut to order my pizza and I know many people I know that feel the same.  Speaking on the phone is therefore a skill that many normal teenagers know longer have. However mobile phone use is still excessive with teenagers using it an average of 9hrs per day. They are therefore spending more time on social media and texting then they do sleeping, with the average teenager getting only 7 and half hours of sleep each night. When I thought about my mobile phone use I was actually alarmed of how much I use my phone, not just for communication purposes like social media or email but for games, photos and music. The technology around us has evidently taken a lot of time from us and as Case explains a lot of this is due to it being interruptive.

She explains how the world is now full of unnecessary “interruptive” technology. At first I didn’t understand what she meant by the word interruptive, I didn’t think technology could be interruptive in any way however she was able to explain rather well.

For example we now have smart fridges, because the original fridge wasn’t good enough, we now have a fridge that beeps when a person eats too many calories. Rather bizarre right? Well this fridge interrupts a person, stopping them from getting into the fridge because they have eaten too many calories for the day. This sort of technology is obviously not something the average person needs, simple human laziness is what is making this sort of technology bigger and more prominent in society. I seriously don’t think I’d appreciate a fridge looking me out of my own food or beeping at me as I try and grab something out. This is what Case discusses, the need for calm technology, technology that doesn’t stop us from living our lives, opposed to the interruptive technology we see today.

But when I thought about this concept more I realised that all the technology we have around us is somewhat interruptive. Our phones ding when we get a text message of some sorts, microwaves go off when our food is done, the kettle often squeals when its finished boiling, some cars even beep at you when you don’t have your seatbelt on or you leave your lights on, therefore even though we as humans have invented so many new unnecessary forms of interruptive technology we have also invented so many useful ones that are actually extremely important to society.

Amber Case, an anthropologist, user experience designer and public speaker explains to us how technology has changed in unnecessary and outraging ways.

 

References:

Sue K. Adams, Jennifer F. Daly, Desiree N. Williford. 2018. SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research. [ONLINE] Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.4137/HSI.S11083. [Accessed 22 August 2018].

Sleep in Adolescents. 2018. Sleep in Adolescents. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/sleep-disorder-center/sleep-in-adolescents. [Accessed 8 August 2018].